Leukemia Research
Volume 34, Issue 4 , Pages 475-482 , April 2010

ALK-negative anaplastic large cell lymphoma with extensive peripheral blood and bone marrow involvements manifested as “leukemic phase”

  • Ying Lu

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
    • Department of Hematology, Ningbo NO 1 Hospital, Ningbo, PR China
  • ,
  • Xiaohui Zhao

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
    • Department of Pathology, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
  • ,
  • Endi Wang

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
  • ,
  • Wei Chen

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
    • Sir Run Run Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, PR China
  • ,
  • Qin Huang

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author at: Division of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, United States. Tel.: +1 626 359 8111x62037; fax: +1 626 301 8463.

Received 18 June 2009 ,Revised 20 July 2009 ,Accepted 22 July 2009.

References 

  1. Stein H, Mason DY, Gerdes J, O’Connor N, Wainscoat J, Pallesen G, et al. The expression of the Hodgkin's disease-associated antigen Ki-1 in reactive and neoplastic lymphoid tissue: evidence that Reed–Sternberg cells and histiocytic malignancies are derived from activated lymphoid cells. Blood. 1985;66:848–858
  2. Rimokh R, Magaud JP, Berger F, Samarut J, Coiffier B, Germain D, et al. A translocation involving a specific breakpoint (q35) on chromosome 5 is characteristic of anaplastic large cell lymphoma (“Ki-1lymphoma”). Br J Haematol. 1989;71:31–36
  3. Kaneko Y, Frizzera G, Edamura S, Maseki N, Sakurai M, Komada Y, et al. A novel translocation, t(2;5)(p23;q35), in childhood phagocytic large T-cell lymphoma mimicking malignant histiocytosis. Blood. 1989;73:806–813
  4. Mason DY, Harris NL, Delsol G. Anaplastic large cell lymphoma, ALK-negative. In:  Swerdlow S,  Campo E,  Harris NL,  Jaffe ES,  Pileri SA,  Stein H, et al. editor. World Health Organization Classification of Tumours. Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. Lyon: IARC Press; 2008;p. 317–319
  5. Morris SW, Kirstein MN, Valentine MB, Dittmer KG, Shapiro DN, Saltman DL, et al. Fusion of a kinase gene, ALK, to a nucleolar protein gene, NPM, in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Science. 1994;263:1281–1284
  6. Pulford K, Lamant L, Morris SW, Butler LH, Wood KM, Stroud D, et al. Detection of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and nucleolar protein nucleophosmin (NPM)-ALK proteins in normal and neoplastic cells with the monoclonal antibody ALK1. Blood. 1997;89:1394–1404
  7. Jaffe ES. Anaplastic large cell lymphoma: the shifting sands of diagnostic hematopathology. Mod Pathol. 2001;14:219–228
  8. Downing JR, Shurtleff SA, Zielenska M, Curcio-Brint AM, Behm FG, Head DR, et al. Molecular detection of the (2;5) translocation of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Blood. 1995;85:3416–3422
  9. Shiota M, Nakamura S, Ichinohasama R, Abe M, Akagi T, Takeshita M, et al. Anaplastic large cell lymphomas expressing the novel chimeric protein p80NPM/ALK: a distinct clinicopathologic entity. Blood. 1995;86:1954–1960
  10. Lamant L, Meggetto F, Al Saati T, Brugières L, de Paillerets BB, Dastugue N, et al. High incidence of the t(2;5)(p23;q35) translocation in anaplastic large cell lymphoma and its lack of detection in Hodgkin's disease: comparison of cytogenetic analysis, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, and P-80 immunostaining. Blood. 1996;87:284–291
  11. Greer JP, Kinney MC, Collins RD, Salhany KE, Wolff SN, Hainsworth JD, et al. Clinical features of 31 patients with Ki-1 anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 1991;9:539–547
  12. Kinney MC, Collins RD, Greer JP, Whitlock JA, Sioutos N, Kadin ME. A small-cell-predominant variant of primary Ki-1 (CD30)+ T-cell lymphoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 1993;17:859–868
  13. Anderson MM, Ross CW, Singleton TP, Sheldon S, Schnitzer B. Ki-1 anaplastic large cell lymphoma with a prominent leukemic phase. Hum Pathol. 1996;27:1093–1095
  14. Bayle C, Charpentier A, Duchayne E, Manel AM, Pages MP, Robert A, et al. Leukemia presentation of small cell variant anaplastic large cell lymphoma: report of four cases. Br J Haematol. 1999;104:680–688
  15. Villamor N, Rozman M, Esteve J, Aymerich M, Colomer D, Aguilar JL, et al. Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma with rapid evolution to leukemic phase. Ann Hematol. 1999;78:478–482
  16. Tilly H, Gaulard P, Lepage E, Dumontet C, Diebold J, Plantier I, et al. Primary anaplastic large-cell lymphoma in adults: clinical presentation, immunophenotype, and outcome. Blood. 1997;90:3727–3734
  17. Wong KF, Chan JK, Ng CS, Chu YC, Lam PW, Yuen HL, et al. Anaplastic large cell Ki-1 lymphoma involving bone marrow: marrow findings and association with reactive hemophagocytosis. Am J Hematol. 1991;37:112–119
  18. Tamura K, Tashiro H, Kondoh S, Kisanuki A, Sumiyoshi A, Suzumiga J, et al. Ki-1 (CD30)-positive large cell lymphoma present with leukemia: a case report. Fukuoka Igaku Zasshi. 1994;85:366–371
  19. Awaya N, Mori S, Takeuchi H, Mori S, Sugano Y, Kamata T, et al. CD30 and the NPM-ALK fusion protein (p80) are differentially expressed between peripheral blood and bone marrow in primary small cell variant of anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Am J Hematol. 2002;69:200–204
  20. Falini B, Pileri S, Zinzani PL, Carbone A, Zagonel V, Wolf-Peeters C, et al. ALK+ lymphoma: clinico-pathological findings and outcome. Blood. 1999;93:2697–2706
  21. Clavio M, Rossi E, Truini M, Carrara P, Ravetti JL, Spriano M, et al. Anaplastioc large cell lymphoma: a clinicopathologic study of 53 patients. Leuk Lymphoma. 1996;22:319–327
  22. Fraga M, Brousset P, Schlaifer D, Payen C, Robert A, Rubie H, et al. Bone marrow involvement in anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Immunohistochemical detection of minimal disease and its prognostic significance. AM J Clin Pathol. 1995;103:82–89
  23. Benharroch D, Meguerian-Bedoyan Z, Lamant L, Amin C, Brugières L, Terrier-Lacombe MJ, et al. ALK-positive lymphoma: a single disease with a broad spectrum of morphology. Blood. 1998;91:2076–2084
  24. Delsol G, Saati T, Gatter K, Gerdes J, Schwarting R, Caveriviere P, et al. Coexpression of epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), Ki-1, and interleukin-2 receptor by anaplastic large cell lymphomas: diagnostic value in so-called malignant histiocytosis. Am J Pathol. 1988;130:59–70
  25. Foss HD, Anagnostopoulos I, Araujo I, Assaf C, Demel G, Kummer JA, et al. Anaplastic large-cell lymphomas of T-cell and null-cell phenotype express cytotoxic molecules. Blood. 1996;88:4005–4011
  26. Wellmann A, Otsuki T, Vogelbruch M, Clark HM, Jaffe ES, Raffeld M, et al. Analysis of the t(2;5)(p23;q35) translocation by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in CD30+ anaplastic large-cell lymphomas, in other non-Hodgkin's of T-cell phenotype, and in Hodgkin's disease. Blood. 1995;86:2321–2328
  27. Savage KJ, Harris NL, Vose JM, Ullrich F, Jaffe ES, Connors JM, et al. ALK-anaplastic large-cell lymphoma is clinically and immunophenotypically different from both ALK+ ALCL and peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified: report from the International Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma Project. Blood. 2008;111:5496–5504
  28. Onciu M, Behm FG, Raimondi SC, Moore S, Harwood EL, Pui CH, et al. ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma with leukemic peripheral blood involvement is a clinicopathologic entity with an unfavorable prognosis: report of three cases and review of the literature. Am J Clin Pathol. 2003;120:617–625
  29. Monaco S, Tsao L, Murty VV, Nandula SV, Donovan V, et al. Pediatric ALK+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma with t(3;8)(q26.2;q24) translocation and c-myc rearrangement terminating in a leukemic phase. Am J Hematol. 2007;82:59–64
  30. Takahashi D, Nagatoshi Y, Nagayama J, Inagaki J, Itonoaga N, Takeshita M, et al. Anaplastic large cell lymphoma in leukemic presentation: a case report and a review of the literature. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2008;30(9):696–700
  31. Grewal JS, Smith LB, Winegarden JD, Krauss JC, Tworek JA, Schnitzer B. Highly aggressive ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma with a leukemic phase and multi-organ involvement: a report of three cases and a review of the literature. Ann Hematol. 2007;86:499–508
  32. Matsushita H, Nakamura N, Asai S, Yabe M, Hayama N, Kondo Y. A leukemic change as an initial manifestation of the common variant type of ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma in a patient with lung adenocarcinoma. Intern Med. 2008;47:2057–2062
  33. Lamant L, de Reynies A, Duplantier MM, Rickman DS, Sabourdy F, Giuriato S, et al. Gene-expression profiling of systemic anaplastic large-cell lymphoma reveals difference based on ALK status and two distinct morphologic ALK+ subtypes. Blood. 2007;109:2156–2164
  34. Kong SY, Cho HJ, Suk JH, Tak EY, Ko YH, Kim K, et al. A novel complex t(2;5;13)(p23;q35;q14) in small cell variant type anaplastic large cell lymphoma with peripheral involvement. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 2004;154:183–185
  35. Meech SJ, McGavran L, Odom LF, Liang X, Meltesen L, Gump J, et al. Unusual childhood extramedullary hematologic malignancy with natural killer cell properties that contains tropomyosin 4-anaplastic lymphoma kinase gene fusion. Blood. 2001;98:1209–1216
  36. Dalal BI, Chhanabhai M, Horsman DE, LeHuquet J, Coupland R. Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma presenting as acute leukemia. Am J Hematol. 2005;79:164–165
  37. Nguyen JT, Condron MR, Nguyen ND, De J, Medeiros LJ, Padula . Anaplastic large cell lymphoma in leukemic phase: extraordinarily high white blood cell count. Pathol Int. 2009;59(May (5)):345–353

PII: S0145-2126(09)00383-X

doi: 10.1016/j.leukres.2009.07.034

Leukemia Research
Volume 34, Issue 4 , Pages 475-482 , April 2010