Leukemia Research
Volume 27, Issue 3 , Pages 205-214 , March 2003

Salvage therapy in refractory acute myeloid leukemia: prediction of outcome based on analysis of prognostic factors

Received 16 January 2002 ,Accepted 14 May 2002.

References 

  1. Schiller G, Gajewski J, Nimer S, Territo M, Ho W, Lee M, et al.  A randomized study of intermediate versus conventional-dose cytarabine as intensive induction for acute myelogenous leukemia. Br. J. Haematol. 1992;81:170–177
  2. Mayer RJ, Davis RB, Schiffer CA, Berg DT, Powell BL, Schulman P, et al.  For the Cancer and Leukemia Group B. Intensive postremission chemotherapy in adults with acute myeloid leukemia. N. Engl. J. Med. 1994;332:217–223
  3. Te Boekhorst P, Löwenberg B, van Kapel J, Nooter K, Sonneveld P. Multidrug resistant cells with high proliferative capacity determine response to therapy in acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia. 1995;9:1025–1031
  4. Cain BF, Atwell GJ. The experimental antitumor properties of three congeners of the acridly methanesulphonanilide (AMSA) series. Eur. J. Cancer. 1974;10:539–549
  5. Legha SS, Keating MJ, Zander AR, McCredie KB, Bodey GP, Freireich EJ. 4′-(9-Acridinylamino) methanesulfon-m-anisidide (AMSA): a new drug effective in the treatment of adult acute leukemia. Ann. Int. Med. 1980;93:17–21
  6. Arlin ZA, Sklaroff RB, Gee TS, Kempin SJ, Howard J, Clarkson BD, et al.  Phase I and II trial of 4′-(9-acridinylamino) methanesulfon-m-anisidide in patients with acute leukemia. Cancer Res. 1980;40:3304–3306
  7. Weiss RB, Charles LM, Macdonald JS. m-AMSA: an exciting new drug in the National Cancer Institute Drug Development Program. Cancer Clin. Trials. 1980;3:203–209
  8. Hines JD, Oken MM, Mazza JJ, Keller AM, Streeter RR, Glick JH. High-dose cytosine arabinoside and m-AMSA is effective therapy in relapsed acute non-lymphocytic leukemia. J. Clin. Oncol. 1984;2:451–458
  9. Arlin ZA, Flomenberg N, Gee TS, Kempin SJ, Dellaquila C, Mertelsmann R, et al.  Treatment of acute leukemia in relapse with 4′-(9 acridinylamino)-methansulfon-m-anisidide (AMSA) in combination with cytosine and thioguanine. Cancer Clin. Trials. 1981;4:317–321
  10. Vogler WR, Stein R, Velez-Garcia E, et al. New approaches in the treatment of acute myeloblastic leukemia: results of recent Southeastern Study Group trials. In: Gale RP, editor. Acute myelogenous leukemia: progress and controversies. New York: Wiley, 1990. p. 303–12.
  11. Berman E, Arlin ZA, Gaynor J, Miller W, Gee T, Kempin SJ, et al.  Comparative trial of cytarabine and thioguanine in combination with amsacrine and daunorubicin in patients with untreated acute non-lymphocytic leukemia: results of the L-16M protocol. Leukemia. 1989;3:115–121
  12. Archimbaud E, Thomas X, Michallet M, Jaubert J, Troncy J, Guyotat D, et al.  Prospective genetically randomized comparison between intensive postinduction chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation in adults with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia. J. Clin. Oncol. 1994;12:262–267
  13. Castaigne S, Archimbaud E, Bordessoule D, Fenaux P, Tilly H, de Revel T, et al.  For the AML Study Group. Preliminary results of LAM 90 trial on adult acute myelogenous leukemia: Comparison of standard induction chemotherapy versus double or sequential induction chemotherapy. Br. J. Haematol. 1996;93(Suppl. 2):133
  14. Bennett JM, Catovsky D, Daniel MT, Flandrin G, Galton DAG, Gralnick HR, et al.  Proposed revised criteria for the classification of acute myeloid leukemia. A report of the French–American–British Cooperative Group. Ann. Int. Med. 1985;103:626–629
  15. ISCN (International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature). Guidelines for cancer cytogenetics. In: Mitelman F, editor. Supplement to an International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature. Basel: Karger, 1991. p. 1–53.
  16. Ellison RR, Holland JF, Weil M, Jacquillat C, Boiron M, Bernard J, et al.  Arabinosyl cytosine: a useful agent in the treatment of acute leukemia in adults. Blood. 1968;32:507–523
  17. Preisler HD. Failure of remission induction in acute myelocytic leukemia. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 1978;4:275–276
  18. Harrell FE, Lee KL, Mark DB. Multivariate prognostic models: issues in developing models, evaluating assumptions and adequacy, and measuring and reducing errors. Stat. Med. 1996;15:361–387
  19. Jehn U, Heinemann V. Phase II-study for treatment of refractory acute leukemia with intermediate-dose cytosine arabinoside and amsacrine. Anticancer Res. 1993;13:379–381
  20. Willemze R, Suciu S, Archimbaud E, Muus P, Stryckmans P, Louwagie EA, et al.  A randomized phase II study on the effects of 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine combined with either amsacrine or idarubicin in patients with relapsed acute leukemia: an EORTC Leukemia Cooperative Group phase II study (06893). Leukemia. 1997;11(Suppl. 1):S24–S27
  21. Kahn SB, Sklaroff R, Lebedda J, Conroy JF, Bulova S, Brodsky I. 4′-(9-acridinylamino)methane-sulfon-m-anisidide (m-AMSA) and 5-azacytidine (AZA) in the treatment of relapsed adult acute leukemia. Am. J. Clin. Oncol. 1983;6:493–502
  22. Letendre L, Hinemann V, Hoagland HC, Kovach JS. Phase I study of VP-16 (etoposide) and amsacrine (AMSA) in the treatment of refractory acute leukemia. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 1985;13:232–234
  23. Keating MJ, Gehan EA, Smith TL, Estey EH, Walters RS, Kantarjian HM, et al.  A strategy for evaluation of new treatments in untreated patients: application to a clinical trial of AMSA for acute leukemia. J. Clin. Oncol. 1987;5:710–721
  24. Arlin ZA, Feldman EJ, Mittelman A, Ahmed T, Puccio C, Chun HG, et al.  Amsacrine is safe and effective therapy for patients with myocardial dysfunction and acute leukemia. Cancer. 1991;68:1198–1200
  25. Estey EH, Keating MJ, Smith TL, McCredie KB, Legha SS, Walters RS, et al.  Prediction of complete remission in patients with refractory acute leukemia treated with AMSA. J. Clin. Oncol. 1984;12:102–106
  26. Schiffer CA, Lee EJ, Tomiyasu T, Wiernik PH, Testa JR. Prognostic impact of cytogenetic abnormalities in patients with de novo acute non-lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 1989;73:263–270
  27. Keating MJ, Smith TL, Kantarjian H, Cork A, Walters R, Trujillo JM, et al.  Cytogenetic pattern in acute myelogenous leukemia: a major reproductible determinant of outcome. Leukemia. 1988;2:403–412
  28. Grimwade D, Walker H, Oliver F, Wheatley K, Harrison C, Harrison G, et al.  Goldstone A on behalf of the Medical Research Council Adult and Children’s Leukaemia Working Parties. The importance of diagnostic cytogenetics on outcome in AML: analysis of 1612 patients entered into the MRC AML 10 trial. Blood. 1998;92:2322–2333

PII: S0145-2126(02)00089-9

Leukemia Research
Volume 27, Issue 3 , Pages 205-214 , March 2003