Growth inhibition and apoptosis of myeloma cells by the CDK inhibitor flavopiridol

Abstract 

Although myeloma shows responsiveness in intensive chemotherapy, overall survival remains less than 40% at 2 years. Since myeloma appears to be dependent on cytokines, such as IL-6, we hypothesized that targeting signal transduction molecules could effectively treat myeloma. Two myeloma cell lines U266 and RPMI-8226 and CD38⁺ myeloma cells were studied by immune complex kinase assay or anti-phosphotyrosine blot for evidence of constitutive activation of tyrosine kinases. Growth arrest and apoptosis were evaluated in these two cell lines following their treatment with specific kinase inhibitors. We found that a variety of Src and Janus kinases were present and constitutively active in U266 and RPMI-8226 cells. Inhibitors of both Src and Janus kinases were inferior to the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, flavopiridol, in inducing both growth arrest with GI₅₀ of 100 nM and apoptosis in both cell lines and CD38⁺ myeloma cells. Although, flavopiridol did not affect cyclin D1 and cyclin A levels, it inhibited Mcl-1 and Bcl-2 protein levels and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 activity. Flavopiridol is a well-tolerated drug, currently in phase I–II trials for a variety of tumors. A clinical trial using flavopiridol should be performed in patients with myeloma. Its mechanism of action may involve targets other than the cyclin-dependent kinases.

Keywords:  Myeloma, Flavopiridol, Kinase, Signal transduction therapeutics

Abbreviations:  CDK, cyclin-dependent kinase, IL-6, interleukin-6, PI, propidium iodide, PTK, protein tyrosine kinase